Data analysis was based on the 55 patients (27 males and 28 females) that completed the study. The age range was 20-65 years (mean=40.76 ± 11.05 years). Table 2 shows the baseline data, while Table 3 shows the mean laboratory parameters and body mass index (BMI) of the studied population. Table 4 shows the means, minimum and maximum scores for the eight SF-36 domains and KPSS. Comorbid conditions found in these patients included anemia (hemoglobin <1 lg/dL) in 82%, clinical features of osteodystrophy in 11.2% and hypertension in 61.8%.
There was a significant positive correlation between Karnofsky scores and all eight SF-36 domains: physical function (r=0.791, PO.0001), role limitation due to physical fitness (r=0.500, PO.001), bodily pain (r=0.518, PO.0001), general health (r=0.481, PO.0001), vitality (r=0.417, P=0.002), social functioning (0.610, PO.0001), role limitation due to emotional problems (r=0.551, PO.0001) and mental health (r=0.325, PO.016). Figure 1 showed correlation between KPSS and four SF-36 items. On multiple regression, Karnofsky scores correlated with only three of the SF-36 items—namely, physical functioning, social functioning and role limitation due to emotional problems with beta values of 0.612, 0.225 and 0.207 and corresponding P-values of O.0001, 0.012 and 0.027 respectively.
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Table 2. Baseline Clinical and Sociodemographic Data of the Patients
| Parameters |
HD Patients (n=55) |
|
Age (Years) |
40.8 ± 11.0 |
|
Sex |
|
|
Male |
27 |
|
Female |
28 |
| Marital Status | |
|
Single |
12 |
|
Married |
40 |
|
Divorced |
2 |
|
Widowed |
1 |
| Occupation | |
|
Unemployed |
40 |
|
Semiskilled |
7 |
|
Senior Employee |
8 |
| Level of Education | |
|
Nil |
18 |
|
Primary |
8 |
|
Preparatory/Secondary |
14 |
|
Higher Education |
15 |
|
Duration of HD (Years) |
5.7 ± 4.3 |
The mean hemoglobin was 9.23 ± lg/1, which has significant positive correlation with physical function (r=0.431, P=0.004), bodily pain (r=0.361, P=0.016), general health (r=0.368, P=0.014), social functioning (0.310, P=0.041) and Karnofsky scores (r=0.622, PO.0001) (Figure 2). canadian antibiotics
Figure 1. Correlation between Karnofsky Scores and Three SF-36 Items (Physical and Social Functioning Score)
The mean serum creatinine was 936.9 ± 250.1цто1/1; there was a significant positive correlation between serum creatinine and physical function (r=0.436, P=0.002), bodily pain (r=0.379, P=0.009), vitality (r=0.364, P=0.013), social functioning (0.324, P=0.028), mental health (r=0.490, P=0.001) and Karnofsky scores (r=0.412, P=0.005). Serum creatinine also positively correlated with serum albumin (r=0.383, P=0.028) and hemoglobin (r=0.369, P=0.016) but negatively with weekly kt/v (r=-0.545, P<0.0001) (Figure 3).
Figure 2. Correlation between Hemoglobin Concentration (g/dl) and Physical Functioning Score
Multiple regression analysis showed that Karnofsky scores only positively correlated with physical functioning, role limitation due to emotional problems and hemoglobin concentration with beta values of 0.577, 0.338 and 0.225, respectively, and corresponding P-values of O.0001,0.0001 and 0.009.
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Table 3. Clinical and Laboratory Parameters Observed in the Patients
| Parameters | HD Patients (n=55) |
|
BMI(kg/m2) |
23.15±3.64 |
|
Serum creatinine (pmol/L) |
936.9 ± 250.1 |
|
Blood urea nitrogen BUN (mmol/L) |
25.15 ± 11.29 |
|
Serum sodium (mmol/L) |
142.7 ±5.2 |
|
Serum potassium (mmol/L) |
5.42 ± 0.81 |
|
Serum calcium (mmol/L) |
2.11 ±0.3 |
|
Serum phosphate (mmol/L) |
1.74 ± 0.59 |
|
Calcium-phosphate product (mmol2/L2) |
3.67 ± 1.40 |
|
Hemoglobin concentration (g/dl) |
9.23 ± 1.61 |
|
Serum albumin (g/L) |
33.46 ± 5.78 |
|
Serum protein (total) (g/L) |
77.23 ± 12.91 |
|
Dialysis adequacy (kt/v) |
1.39 ±0.51 |
The mean BMI was 23.15 ± 3.65 kg/m2, and it correlated negatively with bodily pain (r=-0.379, P=0.042) and Karnofsky scores (r=-0.423, P=0.022).
Figure 3. Correlation between Serum Creatinine and Various Quality-of-Life Scores
Age of the patients also correlated negatively with two SF-36 dimensions—namely, physical functioning (r=-0.468, PO.0001) and role limitation due to physical fitness (r=-0.344, P=0.01). It also negatively correlates with Karnofsky scores (r=-0.373, P=0.005). tadalis sx
Table 4. HRQOL Scores in the Studied Patients
| HRQOL Scores (n=55) | |||
| Standard | |||
| HRQOL Instrument HRQOL Domains Minimum Maximum |
Mean |
Deviation | |
|
SF-36 Health Survey |
|||
| Physical functioning 0 | 95 | 58.55 |
26.29 |
| Role limitations due to physical health problems 0 | 100 | 29.55 |
40 |
| Bodily pain 12 | 100 | 66.19 |
25.74 |
| General health 0 | 92 | 42.35 |
20.5 |
| Vitality (energy/fatigue) 0 | 90 | 47.45 |
21.06 |
| Social functioning 0 | 100 | 54.77 |
26.41 |
| Role limitations due to emotional problems 0 | 100 |
57.57 |
47.34 |
| Mental health 16 | 96 |
56.95 |
18.93 |
| Karnofsky Performance Status Scale 50 | 90 | 74.81 |
11.45 |
Mean (± SD) values for serum calcium, phosphate and calcium – phosphate product were 2.11 (±0.3) mmol/L, 1.74 (± 0.59) mmol/L and 3.67 (±1.4) mmoP/L2, respectively. 42.9% of the patients had hypocalcemia (serum calcium <2.1 mmol/L), while 40% had hyperphosphatemia (serum phosphate >1.77mmol/L), though only 20% had elevated calcium-phosphate product above 4.4 mmoP/L2. It negatively correlated with social functioning domain of SF-36 (r=-0.400, P=0.016). There was no correlation between it and Karnofsky scores.



































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